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Introduction The analysis of genetic variation at the DNA level has become a fundamental approach in modern molecular biology. Several techniques such as RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA), AFLP, RFLP, SSR, and microsatellites are widely used to study genetic diversity. Among these, RAPD has gained significant attention since the 1990s due to its simplicity, speed, and cost-effectiveness. RAPD is a PCR-based molecular marker technique that enables the detection of genetic polymorphisms wi …

Introduction Over the past five decades, cytogenetics and molecular cytogenetics have transformed the diagnosis of genetic imbalances associated with developmental delay and congenital abnormalities. These technologies enable the detection of chromosomal alterations ranging from large-scale numerical abnormalities to subtle microdeletions and duplications. Today, integrating conventional cytogenetic methods with advanced molecular tools significantly improves diagnostic accuracy and patient man …

Introduction In situ hybridization (ISH) is a powerful technique used in cytogenetics to detect and localize specific DNA sequences directly on chromosomes. By allowing precise mapping of genetic material, ISH has become an essential tool in modern molecular biology, medical diagnostics, and genomic research. First developed in the late 1960s, this method has evolved significantly and now enables the identification of unique DNA sequences within complex genomes. Principle of In Situ Hybridizati …

Introduction Paludism remains one of the most serious infectious diseases worldwide, despite significant progress in mosquito control strategies. According to the World Health Organization, hundreds of thousands of deaths were still attributed to paludism in the early 21st century. Understanding the biology and genetics of mosquito vectors is therefore essential for improving disease control and prevention strategies. The discovery that mosquitoes transmit paludism dates back to the pioneering w …

Introduction Genetic testing has become an essential tool in modern oncology, enabling the identification of inherited genetic variations that increase an individual’s susceptibility to cancer. While most cancers arise from acquired mutations during a person’s lifetime, approximately 5–10% of cancers are linked to inherited genetic alterations. Understanding these inherited risks allows for improved prevention, early detection, and personalized treatment strategies. What Is Ge …